Pulmonary Oedema

Pulmonary oedema is a pathological response to a wide range of clinical situations.

This advice sheet illustrates some of the major problems where pulmonary oedema may be seen

Cardiac insufficiency - hydrostatic
Left ventricular failure – pulmonary oedema Right ventricular failure – generalised oedema
Heart failure - PCV2 or Encephalomyocarditis virus. Cardiotoxins – chronic Gossypol poisoning
Pulmonary oedema in PCVAD	Rounded heart seen in fresh carcase not so obvious once rigor mortis has set in		Note lungs are generally IHC PCV2 negative
Endocarditis – Erysipelas or Streptococcus suis. Pictures show pig with endocraditis – blue ears, lesions on heart valves and pulmonary oedema
Pericarditis with associated pulmonary oedema	Mulberry heart disease – Vit E Association with Linoleotic and fish oils		Chronic anaemia – chronic gastric ulcer or even severe lice infestation
Low blood osmotic pressure
Liver disease – Stephanurus dentatus in adults or liver abscess		Nephrotic syndromes – Glomerular nephritis in PDNS for example		Protein losing enteropathy – severe necrotic enteritis and colitis
Haemorrhagic shock – acute gastric ulcer. Oedema can be seen in neonates with naval bleeding.		Areas of pulmonary oedema in a case of Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome		Anticoagulants – the lungs above are from a pig with a congenital blood clotting problem
Permeability oedema (inflammation)
Bacterial toxins – DIC – endotoxins from gram –ve bacteria – Salmonella classic		Kidney changes with DIC – coagulative necrosis of the glomerulus		Pulmonary oedema in DIC
Smoke inhalation		Toxins – Fumonisin >25 ppm Ammonia high concentrations Organophosphate poisoning		Diaphragmatic hernia – lung torsion
Neurogenic pulmonary oedema
Water deprivation – salt poisoning – eosinophilic meningoencephalitis		E. coli oedema disease – note swollen eyelids and expression

Acute respiratory disease syndrome – ARDS
Sepsis – note all pulmonary oedema looks alike – the clinician needs to see what other pathological lesions are present
Complicated enzootic pneumonia	Bacterial and viral pneumonia PRRSv, Influenza and pasteurella – Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae free	Clostridium septicum infection with resultant pulmonary oedema
Actinobacillus pleuropneumona associated pulmonary oedema	Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia	Pulmonary oedema in a case of Glässer’s disease
Pathogens where pulmonary oedema may be seen in some of the disease presentations:
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae	Actinobacillus suis	Bordetella bronchiseptica
Clostridium septicum	Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae	Mycoplasma hyorhinis
Pasteurella multocida	Salmonella choleraesuis	Staphylococcus hyicus
Streptococcus suis
African Swine Fever	Aujeszky’s Disease (pseudorabies)	Cytomegalovirus
Encephalomyocarditis virus	Nipah Virus	Porcine Circovirus 2
Enterovirus		Metastrongylus apri (heavy infestation)
Aspiration of gastric contents	Pancreatitis	PSS – Dead in transit Slaughterhouse/death stress